PhD in Economics from the Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne and researcher at the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS), United Kingdom, he is currently a consultant at the Center for Prospective Studies and International Information (CEPII), Paris, and Professor at the University Paris Dauphine- PSL. Previously, he was Deputy Director of the OECD Center for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE).